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href=\"https:\/\/www.marxists.org\/archive\/marx\/works\/1848\/communist-manifesto\/preface.htm\">\u0641\u064a<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.marxists.org\/archive\/marx\/works\/1848\/communist-manifesto\/preface.htm\">\u0645\u0642\u062f\u0645\u062a\u0647\u0645\u0627<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.marxists.org\/archive\/marx\/works\/1848\/communist-manifesto\/preface.htm\">\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0643\u0629<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.marxists.org\/archive\/marx\/works\/1848\/communist-manifesto\/preface.htm\">\u0644\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0639\u0629<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.marxists.org\/archive\/marx\/works\/1848\/communist-manifesto\/preface.htm\">\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.marxists.org\/archive\/marx\/works\/1848\/communist-manifesto\/preface.htm\">\u0645\u0646<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.marxists.org\/archive\/marx\/works\/1848\/communist-manifesto\/preface.htm\">\u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.marxists.org\/archive\/marx\/works\/1848\/communist-manifesto\/preface.htm\">\u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u0648\u0639\u064a<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.marxists.org\/archive\/marx\/works\/1848\/communist-manifesto\/preface.htm\">\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631\u0629<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.marxists.org\/archive\/marx\/works\/1848\/communist-manifesto\/preface.htm\">\u0641\u064a<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.marxists.org\/archive\/marx\/works\/1848\/communist-manifesto\/preface.htm\">\u0644\u0646\u062f\u0646<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.marxists.org\/archive\/marx\/works\/1848\/communist-manifesto\/preface.htm\">\u0639\u0627\u0645<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/www.marxists.org\/archive\/marx\/works\/1848\/communist-manifesto\/preface.htm\"> 1872<\/a>\u060c \u0623\u064a \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0623\u0631\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u0639\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u0635\u062f\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0644\u064a\u060c \u0628\u0623\u0646 \u0645\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0626\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u0627 \u0632\u0627\u0644\u062a \u0635\u062d\u064a\u062d\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0644\u0647\u0627\u060c \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0623\u0646 \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u062a\u0641\u0627\u0635\u064a\u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0646\u0627\u0645\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0648\u0631\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0631\u0648\u062d \u0641\u064a \u062e\u062a\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0635\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u060c \u0642\u062f \u0634\u0627\u062e \u0648\u0628\u0627\u062a \u064a\u062d\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0635\u064a\u0627\u063a\u0629 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645\u0627\u064b\u060c \u0648\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u0636\u0648\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0634\u0647\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0645\u0646\u0630 1848\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0648\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062e\u0644\u0635\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0643\u0648\u0645\u0648\u0646\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0633 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1871. \u0644\u0648 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0627\u0631\u0643\u0633 \u062d\u0627\u0636\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0623\u0634\u0627\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0623\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u0642\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u063a\u0644\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0630\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062d\u062f\u062b \u0639\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0633\u0639 \u0639\u0634\u0631\u060c \u0648\u0625\u0646 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0628\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0630\u0643\u0627\u0621\u064b \u0648\u062e\u0641\u0627\u0621\u064b \u0648\u062a\u062d\u0643\u0645\u0627\u064b \u0648\u0639\u0645\u0642\u0627\u064b. \u0641\u0633\u064a\u0637\u0631\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u0639\u062f \u0645\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0645\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0627\u0646\u0639 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0645\u060c \u0625\u0630 \u0627\u0645\u062a\u062f\u062a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u062f\u0641\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0648\u0643 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0639\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0634\u0631\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0637\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0645\u0627\u060c <a href=\"https:\/\/www.intereconomics.eu\/contents\/year\/2025\/number\/2\/article\/big-tech-and-the-us-digital-military-industrial-complex.html\">\u0648\u0635\u0648\u0644\u0627<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/www.intereconomics.eu\/contents\/year\/2025\/number\/2\/article\/big-tech-and-the-us-digital-military-industrial-complex.html\">\u064b <\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/www.intereconomics.eu\/contents\/year\/2025\/number\/2\/article\/big-tech-and-the-us-digital-military-industrial-complex.html\">\u0625\u0644\u0649<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.intereconomics.eu\/contents\/year\/2025\/number\/2\/article\/big-tech-and-the-us-digital-military-industrial-complex.html\">\u0645\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633\u0629<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.intereconomics.eu\/contents\/year\/2025\/number\/2\/article\/big-tech-and-the-us-digital-military-industrial-complex.html\">\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0641<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.intereconomics.eu\/contents\/year\/2025\/number\/2\/article\/big-tech-and-the-us-digital-military-industrial-complex.html\">\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0645\u0639<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.intereconomics.eu\/contents\/year\/2025\/number\/2\/article\/big-tech-and-the-us-digital-military-industrial-complex.html\">\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.intereconomics.eu\/contents\/year\/2025\/number\/2\/article\/big-tech-and-the-us-digital-military-industrial-complex.html\">\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0633\u0643\u0631\u0629<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.intereconomics.eu\/contents\/year\/2025\/number\/2\/article\/big-tech-and-the-us-digital-military-industrial-complex.html\">\u0639\u0628\u0631<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.intereconomics.eu\/contents\/year\/2025\/number\/2\/article\/big-tech-and-the-us-digital-military-industrial-complex.html\">\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0648\u0627\u0631\u0632\u0645\u064a\u0627\u062a<\/a>\u060c \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u063a\u062f\u062a \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631\u0629\u060c <a href=\"https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/europe\/strategic-europe\/2025\/01\/taking-the-pulse-is-elon-musk-meddling-in-european-politics?lang=en\">\u0628\u0641\u0639\u0644<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/europe\/strategic-europe\/2025\/01\/taking-the-pulse-is-elon-musk-meddling-in-european-politics?lang=en\">\u062a\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0647\u0627<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/europe\/strategic-europe\/2025\/01\/taking-the-pulse-is-elon-musk-meddling-in-european-politics?lang=en\">\u0645\u0639<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/europe\/strategic-europe\/2025\/01\/taking-the-pulse-is-elon-musk-meddling-in-european-politics?lang=en\">\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0646<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/europe\/strategic-europe\/2025\/01\/taking-the-pulse-is-elon-musk-meddling-in-european-politics?lang=en\">\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0637\u0631\u0641<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/europe\/strategic-europe\/2025\/01\/taking-the-pulse-is-elon-musk-meddling-in-european-politics?lang=en\">\u060c <\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/europe\/strategic-europe\/2025\/01\/taking-the-pulse-is-elon-musk-meddling-in-european-politics?lang=en\">\u0641\u0627\u0634\u064a\u0629<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/europe\/strategic-europe\/2025\/01\/taking-the-pulse-is-elon-musk-meddling-in-european-politics?lang=en\">\u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a\u0629<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/europe\/strategic-europe\/2025\/01\/taking-the-pulse-is-elon-musk-meddling-in-european-politics?lang=en\">\u0628\u0627\u0645\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0632<\/a>. \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0623\u062d\u062f\u062b\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a \u0642\u062f \u062a\u0641\u062a\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0644\u0625\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0646\u0636\u0627\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0643\u064a\u060c \u0634\u0631\u0637 \u0623\u0646 \u0646\u0633\u062a\u0641\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0646\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u0639\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a \u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642.<\/p>\n<p>\u0625\u0646\u0647 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0642\u0627\u0642 \u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631 \u062a\u0641\u0631\u0636\u0647 \u0648\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0639 \u064a\u0639\u064a\u0634\u0647\u0627 \u0634\u063a\u064a\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0634\u063a\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641 \u0628\u0642\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645. \u0641\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0623\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0637\u0627\u0628\u0639\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u063a\u0644\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u062f\u064a\u060c \u062a\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0633\u0637\u0648\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.hbs.edu\/faculty\/Pages\/item.aspx?num=56791\">\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0648\u0627\u0631\u0632\u0645\u064a\u0627\u062a<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.hbs.edu\/faculty\/Pages\/item.aspx?num=56791\">\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.hbs.edu\/faculty\/Pages\/item.aspx?num=56791\">\u0644\u0627<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.hbs.edu\/faculty\/Pages\/item.aspx?num=56791\">\u062a\u0643\u062a\u0641\u064a<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.hbs.edu\/faculty\/Pages\/item.aspx?num=56791\">\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.hbs.edu\/faculty\/Pages\/item.aspx?num=56791\">\u0628\u062a\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0645<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.hbs.edu\/faculty\/Pages\/item.aspx?num=56791\">\u062a\u062f\u0641\u0642<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.hbs.edu\/faculty\/Pages\/item.aspx?num=56791\">\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/www.hbs.edu\/faculty\/Pages\/item.aspx?num=56791\">\u060c <\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/www.hbs.edu\/faculty\/Pages\/item.aspx?num=56791\">\u0625\u0630<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.hbs.edu\/faculty\/Pages\/item.aspx?num=56791\">\u0628\u0627\u062a\u062a<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.hbs.edu\/faculty\/Pages\/item.aspx?num=56791\">\u062a\u062a\u062d\u0643\u0645<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.hbs.edu\/faculty\/Pages\/item.aspx?num=56791\">\u0641\u064a<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.hbs.edu\/faculty\/Pages\/item.aspx?num=56791\">\u0645\u0639\u0638\u0645<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.hbs.edu\/faculty\/Pages\/item.aspx?num=56791\">\u0645\u0641\u0627\u0635\u0644<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.hbs.edu\/faculty\/Pages\/item.aspx?num=56791\">\u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0629<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.hbs.edu\/faculty\/Pages\/item.aspx?num=56791\">\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0629<\/a>\u060c \u0648\u0643\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u062a\u0642\u0631\u0631 \u0623\u064a <a href=\"https:\/\/rezgar.com\/books\/i.asp?bid=4\">\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0643\u0627\u0631<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/rezgar.com\/books\/i.asp?bid=4\">\u062a\u0635\u0644<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/rezgar.com\/books\/i.asp?bid=4\">\u0625\u0644\u0649<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/rezgar.com\/books\/i.asp?bid=4\">\u0648\u0639\u064a<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/rezgar.com\/books\/i.asp?bid=4\">\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0647\u0648\u0631<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/rezgar.com\/books\/i.asp?bid=4\">\u0648\u0623\u064a\u0647\u0627<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/rezgar.com\/books\/i.asp?bid=4\">\u064a\u0637\u0645\u0633<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/rezgar.com\/books\/i.asp?bid=4\">\u0623\u0648<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/rezgar.com\/books\/i.asp?bid=4\">\u064a\u0647\u0645\u0634<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/rezgar.com\/books\/i.asp?bid=4\">.<\/a> \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u064a\u0642 \u0641\u064a \u0628\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u064a\u0641\u0631\u0636 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0633\u0627\u0631 \u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u062c\u0630\u0631\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0641\u064a \u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0623\u0634\u0643\u0627\u0644 \u062a\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0645\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u062f\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u064b.<\/p>\n<h3><strong>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0646\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u0633\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0623\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0648\u0632 \u0623\u0632\u0645\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0643\u0635\u0631\u0627\u0639 \u0637\u0628\u0642\u064a \u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p>\u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0631\u0627\u0639 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0646\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0627 \u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0645\u0648\u062c\u0647\u0627\u064b \u0636\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0628\u0630\u0627\u062a\u0647\u060c \u0625\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0648\u062c\u0647 \u0636\u062f \u0627\u062d\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u064a\u0637\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0647. \u0641\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0646\u0628\u063a\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0643\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0635\u0637\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0648\u0639\u0645\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0646\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0627 \u0643\u062a\u0647\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0628\u0630\u0627\u062a\u0647\u060c \u0648\u0625\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u0643\u0633\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u062a\u062a\u062d\u062f\u062f \u0645\u0644\u0627\u0645\u062d\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621\u064b \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u064a\u0632\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a. \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0634\u0647\u062f\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u062a\u0633\u0627\u0631\u0639\u0627\u064b \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0633\u0628\u0648\u0642 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0639\u062f\u062f \u0645\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0623\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u0631\u0649 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0633\u064a\u0637\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u062a\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0630\u0643\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0635\u0637\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0648\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u062d\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629\u060c <a href=\"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/policyandsociety\/article\/44\/1\/52\/7636223\">\u0645\u0645\u0627<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/policyandsociety\/article\/44\/1\/52\/7636223\">\u0645\u0646\u062d\u0647\u0627<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/policyandsociety\/article\/44\/1\/52\/7636223\">\u0646\u0641\u0648\u0630\u0627<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/policyandsociety\/article\/44\/1\/52\/7636223\">\u064b <\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/policyandsociety\/article\/44\/1\/52\/7636223\">\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0627<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/policyandsociety\/article\/44\/1\/52\/7636223\">\u064b <\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/policyandsociety\/article\/44\/1\/52\/7636223\">\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0627<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/policyandsociety\/article\/44\/1\/52\/7636223\">\u064b <\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/policyandsociety\/article\/44\/1\/52\/7636223\">\u0648\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0627<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/policyandsociety\/article\/44\/1\/52\/7636223\">\u064b <\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/policyandsociety\/article\/44\/1\/52\/7636223\">\u0647\u0627\u0626\u0644\u0627<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/policyandsociety\/article\/44\/1\/52\/7636223\">\u064b <\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/policyandsociety\/article\/44\/1\/52\/7636223\">\u0641\u064a<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/policyandsociety\/article\/44\/1\/52\/7636223\">\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/policyandsociety\/article\/44\/1\/52\/7636223\">\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0628\u0644<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/policyandsociety\/article\/44\/1\/52\/7636223\">\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0629<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>\u062a\u0644\u062c\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0623\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u062f\u0648\u0645\u0627\u064b \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0648\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0632\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u062a\u0645\u0643\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u062c\u0627\u0648\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u0627\u062a \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0633 \u0628\u062c\u0648\u0647\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u063a\u0644\u0627\u0644\u064a\u060c \u0648\u064a\u062a\u062c\u0644\u0649 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062d\u0637\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f\u0629: <a href=\"https:\/\/mitsloan.mit.edu\/ideas-made-to-matter\/heres-how-much-2008-bailouts-really-cost\">\u0641\u0641\u064a<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/mitsloan.mit.edu\/ideas-made-to-matter\/heres-how-much-2008-bailouts-really-cost\">\u0623\u0632\u0645\u0629<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/mitsloan.mit.edu\/ideas-made-to-matter\/heres-how-much-2008-bailouts-really-cost\"> 2008 <\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/mitsloan.mit.edu\/ideas-made-to-matter\/heres-how-much-2008-bailouts-really-cost\">\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645\u062a<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/mitsloan.mit.edu\/ideas-made-to-matter\/heres-how-much-2008-bailouts-really-cost\">\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0646\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0627<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/mitsloan.mit.edu\/ideas-made-to-matter\/heres-how-much-2008-bailouts-really-cost\">\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0628<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/mitsloan.mit.edu\/ideas-made-to-matter\/heres-how-much-2008-bailouts-really-cost\">\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/mitsloan.mit.edu\/ideas-made-to-matter\/heres-how-much-2008-bailouts-really-cost\">\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0642\u0627\u0630<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/mitsloan.mit.edu\/ideas-made-to-matter\/heres-how-much-2008-bailouts-really-cost\">\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/mitsloan.mit.edu\/ideas-made-to-matter\/heres-how-much-2008-bailouts-really-cost\">\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/mitsloan.mit.edu\/ideas-made-to-matter\/heres-how-much-2008-bailouts-really-cost\">\u0645\u0639<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/mitsloan.mit.edu\/ideas-made-to-matter\/heres-how-much-2008-bailouts-really-cost\">\u062a\u062d\u0645\u064a\u0644<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/mitsloan.mit.edu\/ideas-made-to-matter\/heres-how-much-2008-bailouts-really-cost\">\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0642\u0627\u062a<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/mitsloan.mit.edu\/ideas-made-to-matter\/heres-how-much-2008-bailouts-really-cost\">\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/mitsloan.mit.edu\/ideas-made-to-matter\/heres-how-much-2008-bailouts-really-cost\">\u0643\u0644\u0641\u0629<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/mitsloan.mit.edu\/ideas-made-to-matter\/heres-how-much-2008-bailouts-really-cost\">\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0631<\/a>\u060c <a href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41599-025-04564-x\">\u0648\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41599-025-04564-x\">\u062c\u0627\u0626\u062d\u0629<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41599-025-04564-x\">\u0643\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0627<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41599-025-04564-x\">\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0648\u0632\u062a<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41599-025-04564-x\">\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0623\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41599-025-04564-x\">\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0632\u0645\u0629<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41599-025-04564-x\">\u0639\u0628\u0631<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41599-025-04564-x\">\u062a\u0639\u0632\u064a\u0632<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41599-025-04564-x\">\u0627\u0644\u0623\u062a\u0645\u062a\u0629<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41599-025-04564-x\">\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0630\u0643\u0627\u0621<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41599-025-04564-x\">\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0635\u0637\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41599-025-04564-x\">\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41599-025-04564-x\">\u0639\u0646<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41599-025-04564-x\">\u0628\u0639\u062f<\/a>\u060c \u0628\u0645\u0627 \u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0628\u0622\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0642\u0644\u0635\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0645\u0627\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0632\u0627\u062f\u062a \u0623\u0631\u0628\u0627\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u0638\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u0639\u0645\u0644 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0646\u060c <a href=\"https:\/\/www.weforum.org\/publications\/the-future-of-jobs-report-2025\/\">\u062b\u0645<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.weforum.org\/publications\/the-future-of-jobs-report-2025\/\">\u062c\u0627\u0621\u062a<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.weforum.org\/publications\/the-future-of-jobs-report-2025\/\">\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0641\u0631\u0629<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.weforum.org\/publications\/the-future-of-jobs-report-2025\/\">\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0633\u0639\u0629<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.weforum.org\/publications\/the-future-of-jobs-report-2025\/\">\u0644\u0644\u0630\u0643\u0627\u0621<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.weforum.org\/publications\/the-future-of-jobs-report-2025\/\">\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0635\u0637\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.weforum.org\/publications\/the-future-of-jobs-report-2025\/\">\u0645\u0646\u0630<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.weforum.org\/publications\/the-future-of-jobs-report-2025\/\">\u0639\u0627\u0645<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/www.weforum.org\/publications\/the-future-of-jobs-report-2025\/\"> 2023 <\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/www.weforum.org\/publications\/the-future-of-jobs-report-2025\/\">\u0644\u062a\u0641\u062a\u062d<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.weforum.org\/publications\/the-future-of-jobs-report-2025\/\">\u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.weforum.org\/publications\/the-future-of-jobs-report-2025\/\">\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.weforum.org\/publications\/the-future-of-jobs-report-2025\/\">\u0645\u0646<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.weforum.org\/publications\/the-future-of-jobs-report-2025\/\">\u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.weforum.org\/publications\/the-future-of-jobs-report-2025\/\">\u0647\u064a\u0643\u0644\u0629<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.weforum.org\/publications\/the-future-of-jobs-report-2025\/\">\u0633\u0648\u0642<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.weforum.org\/publications\/the-future-of-jobs-report-2025\/\">\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644<\/a>\u060c \u0625\u0630 \u062a\u0648\u0633\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0645\u0627\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062a\u0645\u062a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0642\u0637\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0639\u062f\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0627\u0648\u0641 \u0628\u0634\u0623\u0646 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0645\u0644\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0638\u0627\u0626\u0641\u060c \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0632\u0627\u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0639 \u0623\u0631\u0628\u0627\u062d \u0647\u0627\u0626\u0644\u0629 \u062d\u0642\u0642\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0634\u0631\u0643\u0627\u062a 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(\u0625\u0646\u0643\u0644\u064a\u0632\u064a\u060c \u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a)\u060c MROnline (\u0625\u0646\u0643\u0644\u064a\u0632\u064a\u060c \u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a)\u060c Countercurrents (\u0625\u0646\u0643\u0644\u064a\u0632\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f)\u060c NewsClick (\u0625\u0646\u0643\u0644\u064a\u0632\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f)\u060c Aliran (\u0625\u0646\u0643\u0644\u064a\u0632\u064a\u060c \u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0632\u064a\u0627)\u060c The Left Chapter (\u0625\u0646\u0643\u0644\u064a\u0632\u064a\u060c \u0643\u0646\u062f\u0627)\u060c Sinistra in Rete (\u0625\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0644\u064a\u060c \u0625\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0627)\u060c Contropiano (\u0625\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0644\u064a\u060c \u0625\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0627)\u060c Jornal GGN (\u0628\u0631\u062a\u063a\u0627\u0644\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0632\u064a\u0644)\u060c Di\u00e1rio Carioca (\u0628\u0631\u062a\u063a\u0627\u0644\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0632\u064a\u0644)\u060c Revue Supernova (\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a\u060c \u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u0627)\u060c elviejotopo (\u0625\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0646\u064a\u060c \u0625\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627)\u060c El Maipo (\u0625\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0646\u064a\u060c \u062a\u0634\u064a\u0644\u064a)\u060c Insurgencia Magisterial (\u0625\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0646\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0633\u064a\u0643)\u060c Amiidonk (\u0647\u0646\u063a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0631)\u060c Perjamuan Buku (\u0625\u0646\u062f\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0633\u064a\u060c \u0625\u0646\u062f\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0627)\u060c Slguardian (\u0625\u0646\u0643\u0644\u064a\u0632\u064a\u060c \u0633\u0631\u064a\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0643\u0627).<\/p>\n<div id=\"gtx-anchor\" style=\"position: absolute; visibility: hidden; left: 843.984px; top: 2619.58px; width: 61.1406px; height: 19px;\"><\/div>\n<div class=\"jfk-bubble gtx-bubble\" style=\"visibility: visible; left: 184px; top: 2473px; opacity: 1;\" role=\"alertdialog\" aria-describedby=\"bubble-12\">\n<div id=\"bubble-12\" class=\"jfk-bubble-content-id\">\n<div id=\"gtx-host\" style=\"min-width: 200px; max-width: 400px;\"><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"jfk-bubble-closebtn-id jfk-bubble-closebtn\" tabindex=\"0\" role=\"button\" aria-label=\"Close\"><\/div>\n<div class=\"jfk-bubble-arrow-id jfk-bubble-arrow jfk-bubble-arrowdown\" style=\"left: 864.484px;\">\n<div class=\"jfk-bubble-arrowimplbefore\"><\/div>\n<div class=\"jfk-bubble-arrowimplafter\"><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u062a\u0641\u0631\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0623\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0633\u0627\u0631 \u062a\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0629 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\u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u0648\u0639\u064a. - 1993 - 2000 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0632\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u0648\u0639\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0642\u064a. \u0646\u0634\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0643\u0633\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0633\u0627\u0631\u064a: \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0635\u0629 1991 \u0648\u0627\u0646\u0633\u062d\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0639\u062b\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0643\u0631\u062f\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646- \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0642. \u0634\u0627\u0631\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u0628\u062f\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0623\u0633\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u062a\u062d\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0637\u0644\u064a\u0646 - \u0627\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0644 - \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0642 1992 . \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0637\u0642 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