{"id":30460,"date":"2026-07-26T11:24:06","date_gmt":"2026-07-26T07:54:06","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/ar.shahidkhames.com\/?p=30460"},"modified":"2026-07-26T11:24:06","modified_gmt":"2026-07-26T07:54:06","slug":"%d8%ad%d9%8a%d9%86-%d8%aa%d9%8f%d8%ad%d8%a7%d8%b5%d9%8e%d8%b1-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a3%d8%b1%d8%b6-%d9%82%d8%a8%d9%84-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a5%d9%86%d8%b3%d8%a7%d9%86-%d8%ad%d8%b1%d8%a8-%d8%a3%d9%85%d8%b1%d9%8a","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/ar.shahidkhames.com\/?p=30460","title":{"rendered":"\u062d\u064a\u0646 \u062a\u064f\u062d\u0627\u0635\u064e\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0636 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646 \u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u0627 \u0648\u0625\u0633\u0631\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0631\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629: 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\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639.<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0628<\/strong> <strong>\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644<\/strong><strong>: <\/strong><strong>\u062d\u0631\u0628<\/strong> <strong>\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0630\u0648\u0631<\/strong> <strong>\u0627\u0644\u0632\u0631\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0631\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062b\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0646\u0632\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0630\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629<\/p>\n<h2><strong>\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064b<\/strong><strong>: <\/strong><strong>\u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645<\/strong> <strong>\u062d\u0631\u0628<\/strong> <strong>\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0630\u0648\u0631<\/strong> <strong>\u0648\u0623\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0647\u0627<\/strong> 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\u0639\u0627\u0645 2010\u060c \u0646\u062a\u064a\u062c\u0629 \u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u0631\u0649 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627.<\/p>\n<h2><strong>\u062b\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u064b<\/strong><strong>: <\/strong><strong>\u0622\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a<\/strong> <strong>\u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0637\u0631\u0629<\/strong> <strong>\u0639\u0644\u0649<\/strong> <strong>\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0630\u0648\u0631<\/strong> <strong>\u0627\u0644\u0632\u0631\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629<\/strong><\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li>\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0639 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064a<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u062a\u064f\u0639\u062f \u0628\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0639 \u0623\u062f\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0637\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0643\u0627\u062a. \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0646\u0642\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 1980\u060c \u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u0633\u0645\u062d\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0643\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0629 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0626\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u0631\u0627\u062b\u064a\u0627\u064b\u060c \u0645\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631\u0629 \u0625\u064a\u0627\u0647\u0627 &#8220;\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629&#8221; \u0648\u0644\u064a\u0633\u062a \u0645\u0646\u062a\u062c\u0627\u064b \u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a\u0627\u064b. \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642 \u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0630\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u0631\u0627\u062b\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0648\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0647\u0627.<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u0623\u0628\u0631\u0632<\/strong> <strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633\u0627\u062a<\/strong><strong>:<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u062e\u064a\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0628\u0627\u0631\u064a: \u062a\u0641\u0631\u0636 \u0634\u0631\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0630\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0642\u064a\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0631\u062e\u064a\u0635 \u062a\u0642\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0630\u0648\u0631\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u064f\u0633\u0645\u062d \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0632\u0627\u0631\u0639\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0632\u0631\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0630\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0635\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u062d\u0635\u0648\u0644\u0647\u0645 \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u062f\u0641\u0639 \u0631\u0633\u0648\u0645 \u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0623\u064a\u062f\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0643\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642 \u0641\u064a \u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a.<\/li>\n<li>\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0639\u0627\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0636\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0636\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u0627\u0631\u0639\u064a\u0646: \u0642\u0627\u0645\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0636\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u0627\u0631\u0639\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a\u0646 \u064a\u064f\u0639\u062a\u0642\u062f \u0623\u0646\u0647\u0645 \u062e\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0627 \u0627\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0642\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u062e\u064a\u0635. \u0642\u0636\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0648\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0648 \u0636\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u0627\u0631\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0646\u062f\u064a \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0633\u064a \u0634\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0632\u0631 (Percy Schmeiser) \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d\u062a \u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0634\u0647\u064a\u0631\u0627\u064b\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u062d\u0643\u0645\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0643\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0635\u0627\u0644\u062d \u0645\u0648\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0648 \u0648\u0623\u062c\u0628\u0631\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u0627\u0631\u0639 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062f\u0641\u0639 \u062a\u0639\u0648\u064a\u0636\u0627\u062a \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u062f\u0649 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062e\u0633\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0647 \u0633\u0644\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0644\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0637\u0648\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u062f\u0649 50 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u0627\u064b.<\/li>\n<li>\u062f\u0645\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0630\u0648\u0631 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u064a\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0645\u062f\u0629: \u0631\u0628\u0637\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0630\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u0631\u0627\u062b\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0648\u0628\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u064a\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0645\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0628\u0647\u0627. \u0641\u0628\u0630\u0648\u0631 &#8220;\u0631\u0627\u0648\u0646\u062f \u0623\u0628 \u0631\u064a\u062f\u064a&#8221; (Roundup Ready) \u0645\u062b\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0635\u064f\u0645\u0645\u062a \u0644\u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0645\u0628\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0634\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635 \u0628\u0645\u0648\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0648 (\u0631\u0627\u0648\u0646\u062f \u0623\u0628)\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062e\u0644\u0642 \u062a\u0628\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0632\u0627\u0631\u0639 \u0644\u0645\u0646\u062a\u062c\u0627\u062a\u0647.<\/li>\n<li>\u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0647\u0627\u0621 (Terminator Technology) \u2013 \u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0642\u064a\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u064a\u0646\u064a (GURT)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u0637\u0648\u0651\u0631\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0639 \u0648\u0632\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0631\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0639\u0642\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0630\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0648\u0641\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u0645 &#8220;\u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0642\u064a\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u064a\u0646\u064a&#8221; (Genetic Use Restriction Technology &#8211; GURT)\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062c\u0639\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0630\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062a\u062c\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0639\u0642\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0628\u062a.<\/p>\n<p>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0641:<\/p>\n<p>\u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0642\u064a\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u064a\u0646\u064a (GURT)\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0648\u0641\u0629 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u0627\u064b \u0628\u0640 &#8220;\u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0647\u0627\u0621&#8221; \u0623\u0648 &#8220;\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0630\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u062d\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629&#8221;\u060c \u0647\u064a \u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0647\u0646\u062f\u0633\u0629 \u0648\u0631\u0627\u062b\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u064f\u0635\u0645\u0645 \u0644\u062a\u0642\u064a\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 &#8220;\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062b\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0638\u0627\u0647\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0637\u0629 \u0628\u0647\u0627&#8221;. \u062a\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642 \u062a\u0646\u0634\u064a\u0637 (\u0623\u0648 \u062a\u0639\u0637\u064a\u0644) \u062c\u064a\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062d\u062f\u062f\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u062d\u0641\u0632 \u0645\u062a\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0628\u0647\u060c \u0648\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0644\u062c\u0639\u0644 \u0628\u0630\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0645\u0627 \u0639\u0642\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u062a\u0641\u062a\u0642\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u063a\u0648\u0628\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0646\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644.<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633<\/strong> <strong>\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u064a\u0626\u064a<\/strong> <strong>\u0644\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0629<\/strong><strong>:<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u062a\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u0629 \u062c\u064a\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u0627\u0644\u062c\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u062a\u0644 (\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0645\u064a): \u064a\u0646\u062a\u062c \u0628\u0631\u0648\u062a\u064a\u0646\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0633\u0645\u0649 \u0628\u0631\u0648\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u062a\u0639\u0637\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0628\u0648\u0633\u0648\u0645 (RIP)\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0633\u0627\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u062e\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0646\u0628\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0646\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0630\u0648\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0628\u0627\u062a. \u064a\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0639 \u0645\u062d\u0641\u0632 \u062e\u0627\u0635 \u064a\u0633\u0645\u0649 \u0645\u062d\u0641\u0632 \u0648\u0641\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0623\u062e\u0631\u0629 (LEA).<\/li>\n<li>\u062c\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u062a\u0644\u0641 (\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0643\u0628\u064a): \u064a\u0646\u062a\u062c \u0625\u0646\u0632\u064a\u0645\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0632\u064a\u0644 \u062c\u0632\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062c\u0628 (\u062a\u0633\u0644\u0633\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062c\u0628) \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0641\u0635\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u062a\u0644 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0641\u0632.<\/li>\n<li>\u0627\u0644\u062c\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0628\u062d (\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0628\u0637): \u064a\u0646\u062a\u062c \u0628\u0631\u0648\u062a\u064a\u0646\u0627\u064b \u0643\u0627\u0628\u062d\u0627\u064b \u064a\u062b\u0628\u0637 \u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u062a\u0644\u0641.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u0639\u0646\u062f \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0630\u0648\u0631 \u0628\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062d\u0641\u0632\u0629 (\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0643\u0644\u064a\u0646)\u060c \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u062a\u0639\u0637\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0628\u062d\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0633\u0645\u062d \u0628\u0638\u0647\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u062a\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u060c \u0644\u062a\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0630\u0648\u0631 \u0639\u0642\u064a\u0645\u0629.<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u0623\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0639<\/strong> <strong>\u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0629<\/strong> <strong>GURT<\/strong><strong>:<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u0623- \u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0629 V-GURT (Varietal GURT): \u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062c\u0639\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0630\u0648\u0631 \u0639\u0642\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0645\u0648\u0633\u0645 \u0632\u0631\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0639\u0631\u0641 \u0628\u0640 &#8220;\u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0647\u0627\u0621&#8221; \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629. \u062a\u0645\u0646\u0639 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u0627\u0631\u0639\u064a\u0646 \u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u0641\u0638 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0630\u0648\u0631 \u0648\u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0632\u0631\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u062f\u0645\u0629. \u062a\u064f\u0646\u062a\u062c \u0628\u0630\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644 (F1) \u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0628\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0628\u0630\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a (F2) \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0639\u0642\u064a\u0645\u0629.<\/li>\n<li>\u0628- \u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0629 T-GURT (Trait-specific GURT): \u0647\u064a \u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u062c\u0639\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0630\u0648\u0631 \u0639\u0642\u064a\u0645\u0629\u060c \u0628\u0644 \u062a\u064f\u0639\u062f\u0644 \u0648\u0631\u0627\u062b\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0635\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062d\u062f\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0641\u0627\u0641 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0648\u062d\u0629. \u0648\u0645\u0639 \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u062a\u0641\u0639\u064a\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0625\u0644\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0631\u0634 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0630\u0648\u0631 \u0628\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u062a\u0646\u062a\u062c\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0635\u0627\u062d\u0628\u0629 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0639. \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u0628\u0630\u0648\u0631 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0646\u0628\u062a \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0644\u0643\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u0646 \u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0633\u0651\u0646\u0629.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0642\u0641<\/strong> <strong>\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a<\/strong> <strong>\u0645\u0646<\/strong> <strong>\u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0629<\/strong> <strong>\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0647\u0627\u0621<\/strong><strong>:<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 2000\u060c \u0623\u0648\u0635\u062a \u0627\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a \u0628\u0641\u0631\u0636 \u0648\u0642\u0641 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631\u064a \u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0644\u0628\u0630\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0647\u0627\u0621\u060c \u0648\u0623\u064f\u0639\u064a\u062f \u062a\u0623\u0643\u064a\u062f \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u0641 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633 2006. \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0633\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0632\u064a\u0644 \u0642\u0648\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u062d\u0638\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<p>\u0643\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0639\u0647\u062f\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0648\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0631\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 (CGIAR) \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0628\u0631 1998 \u0628\u0639\u062f\u0645 \u062f\u0645\u062c &#8220;\u0641\u064a \u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u064a \u0623\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u0631\u0627\u062b\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0635\u0645\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0645\u0646\u0639 \u0625\u0646\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0630\u0648\u0631&#8221;.<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0647\u062f\u0627\u0641<\/strong> <strong>\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0629<\/strong> <strong>\u0644\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0629<\/strong> <strong>\u0628\u062d\u0633\u0628<\/strong> <strong>\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0631<\/strong> <strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0627\u062a<\/strong> <strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0646\u064a\u0629<\/strong><strong>:<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u0625\u062c\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u0627\u0631\u0639\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0634\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0628\u0630\u0648\u0631 \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0643\u0644 \u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u062f\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u0641\u0638\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0632\u0631\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0647\u0627.<\/li>\n<li>\u062d\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0639 \u0628\u062a\u0643\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0623\u0642\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0636\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u0627\u0631\u0639\u064a\u0646.<\/li>\n<li>\u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u062d\u062a \u063a\u0637\u0627\u0621 &#8220;\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0648\u064a\u0629&#8221; \u0644\u0645\u0646\u0639 \u062a\u062f\u0641\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u064a\u0646\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u062a\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0631 \u062a\u0631\u0641\u0636\u0647 \u0645\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u0627\u0631\u0639\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0629: \u062a\u0634\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u064a\u0633\u062a \u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0628\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 100%\u060c \u0648\u0642\u062f \u062a\u062a\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0644\u0648\u064a\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0635\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0628\u0630\u0648\u0631 \u0639\u0642\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a.<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u00a0<\/strong><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0646<\/strong> <strong>\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629<\/strong> <strong>\u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u0633\u0627\u0647\u0645\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0642\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0639\u0632\u064a\u0632 \u0633\u064a\u0637\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0643\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u0627\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0642\u064a\u0629 UPOV (\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u062d\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a \u0644\u062d\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0628\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629): \u062a\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0646\u0633\u062e\u0629 1991 \u0645\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0634\u0627\u0628\u0647 \u0644\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0639\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0646\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u0627\u0631\u0639\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u0641\u0638 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0630\u0648\u0631 \u0648\u062a\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0629. \u062a\u0645\u0646\u062d \u0634\u0631\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0630\u0648\u0631 \u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642\u0627\u064b \u0627\u062d\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0645\u062f\u0629 20-25 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u0627\u064b \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629\u060c \u0648\u062a\u062c\u0631\u0645 \u062d\u0641\u0638 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u0627\u0631\u0639\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0648 \u062a\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0644\u0647\u0645 \u0644\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0630\u0648\u0631.<\/li>\n<li>\u0627\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0642\u064a\u0629 TRIPs (\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u0627\u0646\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0629): \u0641\u0631\u0636\u062a \u0645\u0639\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u062f\u0646\u064a\u0627 \u0644\u062d\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0644\u0632\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0628\u062a\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0639 \u0642\u0648\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0639 \u0648\u062d\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0641 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<strong>\u0639\u0644\u0649<\/strong> <strong>\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0630\u0648\u0631<\/strong><\/h2>\n<p><strong>1- <\/strong><strong>\u0645\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629<\/strong> <strong>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u0629<\/strong> <strong>\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629<\/strong><strong> (<\/strong><strong>WTO<\/strong><strong>) <\/strong><strong>\u0648\u062a\u062d\u0648\u064a\u0644<\/strong> <strong>\u0627\u0644\u0632\u0631\u0627\u0639\u0629<\/strong> <strong>\u0625\u0644\u0649<\/strong> <strong>\u0633\u0644\u0639\u0629<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u0644\u0639\u0628\u062a \u0645\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u062f\u0648\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0645\u062d\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0645\u0643\u064a\u0646 \u0633\u064a\u0637\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0630\u0648\u0631 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\u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0633\u0627\u0647\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u063a\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u0627\u0631\u0639\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u062f\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u064a\u0634\u062c\u0639\u0647\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0644\u064a \u0639\u0646 \u0628\u0630\u0648\u0631\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0629.<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644<\/strong> <strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0627\u062a<\/strong> <strong>\u0645\u0639\u0627\u064b<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b (\u0645\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0635\u0646\u062f\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0648\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629) \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0644\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u0635\u0627\u0644\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u062a\u0636\u0639 \u0645\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0637\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u064f\u0634\u0631\u0639\u0646 \u0627\u062d\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0630\u0648\u0631.<\/li>\n<li>\u064a\u0641\u0631\u0636 \u0635\u0646\u062f\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u062a\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0648\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u064f\u0636\u0639\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0629.<\/li>\n<li>\u062a\u0648\u0641\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0648\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u0648\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u0632\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u064f\u0639\u0645\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0628\u0639\u064a\u0629.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2><strong>\u062e\u0627\u0645\u0633\u0627\u064b<\/strong><strong>: <\/strong><strong>\u0643\u064a\u0641<\/strong> <strong>\u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d<\/strong> <strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u0627\u0631\u0639<\/strong> <strong>\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0636<\/strong> <strong>\u0645\u0644\u0643\u0627\u064b<\/strong> <strong>\u0644\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0643<\/strong><\/h2>\n<p><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629<\/strong> <strong>\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649<\/strong><strong>: <\/strong><strong>\u0634\u0631\u0627\u0621<\/strong> <strong>\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0630\u0648\u0631<\/strong> <strong>\u0628\u0623\u0633\u0639\u0627\u0631<\/strong> <strong>\u0628\u0627\u0647\u0638\u0629<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u062a\u0645\u0643\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0648\u0643 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u0634\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0643\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0623\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0630\u0648\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0623\u0633\u0639\u0627\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0647\u0636\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0645\u0646 \u062a\u062d\u062a \u062a\u0631\u0648\u064a\u062c \u0625\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a \u0645\u0643\u062b\u0641 \u0644\u062a\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062a\u062c \u0648\u0625\u0639\u0637\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u0630\u0648\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0645\u062d\u0633\u0646\u0629. \u062a\u0645 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644:<\/p>\n<p>1- \u062d\u0645\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0625\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0636\u062e\u0645\u0629 \u062a\u0631\u0648\u062c \u0644\u0632\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0628\u0627\u062d\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062f\u0641\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u0627\u0631\u0639\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0644\u064a \u0639\u0646 \u0628\u0630\u0648\u0631\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0634\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0630\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0623\u0633\u0639\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0639\u0629.<\/p>\n<p>2- \u0625\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u0627\u0631\u0639\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u0639\u0631\u0648\u0636 \u0623\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0623\u0633\u0639\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u062e\u0641\u0636\u0629 \u062b\u0645 \u0631\u0641\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0639\u0627\u0631 \u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0647\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0630\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629.<\/p>\n<p>3- \u00a0\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0627\u0630 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0634\u0631\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0630\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0646\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u0627\u0631\u0639\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0628\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0645\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<p>4- \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0642 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u0634\u062c\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u0627\u0631\u0639\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0630\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0633\u0646\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0639\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0631\u0634\u0627\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0631\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0645\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<h2><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629<\/strong> <strong>\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629<\/strong><strong>: <\/strong><strong>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u062f\u064a\u0644<\/strong> <strong>\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062b\u064a<\/strong> <strong>\u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0642\u064a\u0645<\/strong><\/h2>\n<p>\u0628\u0639\u062f \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0623\u0643\u062f\u062a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0648\u0643 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0627\u0630 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0643\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0630\u0648\u0631\u060c \u0642\u0627\u0645\u062a \u0628\u0625\u062f\u062e\u0627\u0644 \u062c\u064a\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0648 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0639\u062f\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0630\u0648\u0631\u060c \u0648\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0644\u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0647\u062f\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629:<\/p>\n<p>\u0623- <strong>\u0645\u0646\u0639<\/strong> <strong>\u062a\u062e\u0632\u064a\u0646<\/strong> <strong>\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0630\u0648\u0631<\/strong> <strong>\u0644\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0633\u0645<\/strong> <strong>\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u062f\u0645<\/strong><strong>:<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0631\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u062a\u062c \u0639\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0630\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0632\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u0630\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0633\u0646\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0642\u0627\u062f\u0645\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0629 &#8220;\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0647\u0627\u0621&#8221; (Terminator) \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062c\u0639\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0630\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062a\u062c\u0629 \u0639\u0642\u064a\u0645\u0629.<\/li>\n<li>\u0627\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0642\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u062e\u064a\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0645\u0646\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u0627\u0631\u0639\u064a\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0632\u0631\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0630\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0635\u0648\u062f\u0629.<\/li>\n<li>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0635\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u062c\u064a\u0646\u0629 (Hybrids) \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u062a\u062c \u0628\u0630\u0648\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0637\u0627\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u0628- <strong>\u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0637\u0631\u0629<\/strong> <strong>\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629<\/strong> <strong>\u0639\u0644\u0649<\/strong> <strong>\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0630\u0648\u0631<\/strong><strong>:<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u062a\u0645 \u062a\u0639\u062f\u064a\u0644 \u062c\u064a\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0630\u0648\u0631 \u0628\u062d\u064a\u062b \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062d\u064a\u062f \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0645\u0646\u0639 \u0623\u064a \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u062c\u064a\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u062a\u0631\u062e\u064a\u0635.<\/li>\n<li>\u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0631\u0627\u062b\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u062c\u0639\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0630\u0648\u0631 \u062a\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u062f\u062e\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062d\u062f\u062f\u0629 \u062a\u0646\u062a\u062c\u0647\u0627 \u0646\u0641\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0643\u0629.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u062c- \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0628\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0645\u062f\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u064a\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629:<\/p>\n<p>\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0644\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0630\u0648\u0631 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0646\u0645\u0648 \u0648\u062a\u062b\u0645\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0627 \u0639\u0646 \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642 \u0623\u0633\u0645\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0639\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u0627\u064b \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0648\u0643 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0643\u0627\u062a\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u0635\u064f\u0645\u0645\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0630\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0645\u0628\u064a\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0634\u0627\u0628 (\u0645\u062b\u0644 Roundup Ready) \u0644\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0641\u0642\u0637 \u0645\u0639 \u0645\u0628\u064a\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647\u0627.<\/li>\n<li>\u062a\u062d\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0630\u0648\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0633\u0645\u062f\u0629 \u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062d\u062f\u062f\u0629 \u062a\u0646\u062a\u062c\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647\u0627.<\/li>\n<li>\u062a\u062a\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0645\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0636\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0637\u0648\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0649 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0628\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0632\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0645\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u0627\u0631\u0639\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062a\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u062f- <strong>\u0632\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629<\/strong> <strong>\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0647\u0644\u0627\u0643<\/strong> <strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0647<\/strong>:<\/p>\n<p>\u062a\u062d\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0630\u0648\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0643\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0647 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0632\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u0627\u0631\u0639\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0637\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0648\u0634\u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0641\u0629.<\/li>\n<li>\u0627\u0644\u0636\u063a\u0637 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u062d\u064a\u062d\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629.<\/li>\n<li>\u062a\u0645\u0644\u062d \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0628\u0629 \u0646\u062a\u064a\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0641\u0631\u0627\u0637 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0646\u062a\u064a\u062c\u0629<\/strong> <strong>\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u0628\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0627\u062d \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0636 \u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0643 \u0644\u0627 \u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u0627\u0631\u0639:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0639\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0643\u0644 \u0645\u062f\u062e\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c (\u0628\u0630\u0648\u0631\u060c \u0623\u0633\u0645\u062f\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0628\u064a\u062f\u0627\u062a).<\/li>\n<li>\u0645\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0637\u0627\u064b \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0646\u062a\u064a\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639 \u062a\u0643\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0648\u0627\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0627\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0639\u0627\u0631.<\/li>\n<li>\u0641\u0642\u064a\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0641\u0642\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u062a\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0641\u0627\u0641 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0648\u062d\u0629.<\/li>\n<li>\u0645\u0647\u062f\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0628\u0641\u0642\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u0623\u0631\u0636\u0647 \u0646\u062a\u064a\u062c\u0629 \u0641\u0634\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0635\u064a\u0644 \u0648\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0643\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0648\u0646.<\/li>\n<li>\u0645\u062d\u0631\u0645\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u0642\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u062f\u064a \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0641\u0638 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0630\u0648\u0631 \u0648\u062a\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0639 \u0623\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639\u0647.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2><strong>\u0633\u0627\u062f\u0633\u0627\u064b<\/strong><strong>: <\/strong><strong>\u0623\u0645\u062b\u0644\u0629<\/strong> <strong>\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0629<\/strong> <strong>\u0645\u0646<\/strong> <strong>\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0646<\/strong> <strong>\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629<\/strong> <strong>\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629<\/strong><\/h2>\n<p>1- <strong>\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0645\u0646<\/strong><strong> \u2013 <\/strong><strong>\u0628\u0630\u0648\u0631<\/strong> <strong>\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0637\u0627\u0637\u0633<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u062a\u0639\u0631\u0636\u062a \u0632\u0631\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0637\u0627\u0637\u0633 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0645\u0646 \u0644\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0646\u062a\u064a\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0645\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u0627\u0631\u0639\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0628\u0630\u0648\u0631 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0634\u0631\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0623\u062c\u0646\u0628\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u062f\u0649 \u0625\u0644\u0649:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u0641\u0642\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0645\u062a\u0643\u064a\u0641\u0629 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0638\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u062e\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0629.<\/li>\n<li>\u0632\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u062a\u0643\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u0627\u0631\u0639\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0645\u0646\u064a\u064a\u0646.<\/li>\n<li>\u062a\u062f\u0647\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0628\u0629 \u0646\u062a\u064a\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0631\u0637 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0645\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0645\u0627\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0637\u0629 \u0628\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0630\u0648\u0631.<\/li>\n<li>\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639 \u0623\u0633\u0639\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0637\u0627\u0637\u0633 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0648\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0646\u062a\u064a\u062c\u0629 \u0632\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u062a\u0643\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c.<\/li>\n<li>\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0642\u0645 \u0645\u0634\u0643\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0630\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0628\u0644\u062f \u064a\u0639\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0623\u0635\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 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\u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u063a\u0630\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0632\u0631\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646 80-90% \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u0627\u0631\u0639\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u064a\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0630\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0641\u0648\u0638\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u0633\u0645 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u0629.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>2- \u00a0<strong>\u062a\u062f\u0647\u0648\u0631<\/strong> <strong>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0628\u0629<\/strong> <strong>\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u0629<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u062a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0637\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0630\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u064a\u0637\u0631\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u062a\u062f\u0647\u0648\u0631 \u062e\u0635\u0648\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0628\u0629 \u0646\u062a\u064a\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u062b\u0641 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0645\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0645\u0627\u0648\u064a\u0629.<\/li>\n<li>\u062a\u0645\u0644\u062d \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0628\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0637\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0648\u0634\u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0641\u0629.<\/li>\n<li>\u062a\u0644\u0648\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u064a\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0645\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0627\u0626\u062f\u0629.<\/li>\n<li>\u0641\u0642\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0626\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629 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\u0641\u0631\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0631\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0644\u064a.<\/li>\n<li>\u062a\u062d\u0648\u064a\u0644 \u0642\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0642\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0646\u064a\u0629.<\/li>\n<li>\u0632\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u0627\u062a\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062f \u0644\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629.<\/li>\n<li>\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0642\u0645 \u0639\u062c\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0631\u0627\u0639\u064a.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>4- \u00a0<strong>\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0642\u0645<\/strong> <strong>\u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0648\u0646<\/strong> <strong>\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0642\u0631<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u064a\u062f\u062e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u0627\u0631\u0639\u0648\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u062f\u0648\u0627\u0626\u0631 \u062f\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0646\u062a\u064a\u062c\u0629:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639 \u062a\u0643\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c (\u0628\u0630\u0648\u0631\u060c \u0623\u0633\u0645\u062f\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0628\u064a\u062f\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0645\u064a\u0627\u0647).<\/li>\n<li>\u0627\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0627\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0639\u0627\u0631 \u0646\u062a\u064a\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0641\u0633\u0629 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0644\u0629.<\/li>\n<li>\u0641\u0634\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0635\u064a\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0628\u0639\u0636 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\u0628\u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647\u0627.<\/li>\n<li>\u0632\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0645\u0627\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0630\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629.<\/li>\n<li>\u062a\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0644\u062a\u0642\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0639\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629.<\/li>\n<li>\u062a\u0647\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0630\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2><strong>6- <\/strong><strong>\u0641\u0642\u062f\u0627\u0646<\/strong> <strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629<\/strong> <strong>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0629<\/strong><\/h2>\n<p>\u0645\u0639 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\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0637 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0632\u0631\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u063a\u0630\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0629.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2><strong>\u062b\u0627\u0645\u0646\u0627\u064b<\/strong><strong>: <\/strong><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0644<\/strong> <strong>\u0643\u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c<\/strong> <strong>\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u064a<\/strong><strong> (<\/strong><strong>\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629<\/strong> <strong>\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0633\u0637\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629<\/strong><strong>)<\/strong><\/h2>\n<p>\u062a\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0631\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0627\u0636\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u062a\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0631 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\u062a\u0628\u0646\u064a \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0631 &#8220;\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c\u064a&#8221;:<\/p>\n<p>1- \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062b\u064a\u0629: \u0625\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0621 \u0628\u0646\u0648\u0643 \u0628\u0630\u0648\u0631 \u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0625\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0639\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0647\u064a\u0645\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0628\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0631 &#8220;\u0647\u0646\u062f\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0639\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0631\u0627\u0639\u064a&#8221; \u0644\u0646\u0634\u0631 \u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0630\u0627\u0621.<\/p>\n<p>2- \u0641\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0643\u0644\u064a: \u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u062a\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0635\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0629 (\u0644\u0644\u062a\u0635\u062f\u064a\u0631) \u0646\u062d\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0635\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0629 (\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0645\u062d\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0642\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a) \u0644\u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u062d\u062f \u0623\u062f\u0646\u0649 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0643\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0627\u062a\u064a.<\/p>\n<p>3- \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0648\u0643\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0632\u0631\u0627\u0639\u0629: \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0639\u0627\u0631 \u0639\u0646 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0630\u0643\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0635\u0637\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0631\u0641\u0639 \u0643\u0641\u0627\u0621\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0648\u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0642\u062f.<\/p>\n<p>4- \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a: \u0625\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0631\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0648\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0628\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0633\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0631\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<p>5- \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a\u0629: \u0633\u0646 \u0642\u0648\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u062a\u062c\u0631\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0645\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0628\u0630\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0646\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u062d\u0645\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062a\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0644\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0642\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0639\u062f\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628 \u0645\u0639 \u062d\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u0627\u0631\u0639\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0641\u0638 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0630\u0648\u0631 \u0648\u062a\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0644\u0647\u0627.<\/p>\n<p>6- \u00a0\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0631\u0627\u0639\u064a: \u0644\u062a\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0631 \u0628\u0630\u0648\u0631 \u0645\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628 \u0645\u0639 \u0638\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062c\u0641\u0627\u0641 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0648\u062d\u0629.<\/p>\n<p>7- \u00a0\u062f\u0639\u0645 \u062d\u0631\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u0627\u0631\u0639\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0629: \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0646\u0627\u0636\u0644 \u0644\u0644\u062d\u0641\u0627\u0638 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0646\u0634\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0639\u064a \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u0627\u0631\u0639\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0647\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0646 \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u062e\u0627\u0637\u0631 \u0627\u062d\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0630\u0648\u0631.<\/p>\n<p>8- \u062a\u0639\u0632\u064a\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0630\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0629: \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062a\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0633\u0645\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<h2><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 <\/strong><strong>\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639:<\/strong><\/h2>\n<h2><strong>\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064b: \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631<\/strong> <strong>\u0645\u0646<\/strong> <strong>\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0643\u0632<\/strong> <strong>\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628\u062d\u0627\u062b<\/strong> <strong>\u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0631<\/strong> <strong>\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629<\/strong><strong>:<\/strong><\/h2>\n<p>1- \u00a0\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0630\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 (Food Imperialism) \u2013 \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0643\u064a\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0633\u064a\u0637\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u0638\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0630\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<p>2- \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0636 (\u0625\u0635\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u0645\u062f\u0627\u0631) \u2013 \u064a\u0648\u062b\u0642 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0635\u064a\u0644 \u0643\u064a\u0641 \u062a\u062f\u0645\u0651\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0631\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0631\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0633\u0637\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<p>3- \u0639\u064a\u0634 \u0645\u0631\u062d\u0631\u062d: \u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0630\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0635\u0631 \u2013 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0631\u0645\u0636\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u0635\u0642\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0631 (\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0635\u0641\u0635\u0627\u0641\u0629\u060c 2021).<\/p>\n<p>4- \u00a0\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u062d\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u0629 (APN): (\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0637: apnature.org) \u2013 \u062a\u0648\u062b\u0642 \u062a\u062f\u0645\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0631\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0641\u064a \u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062c\u0647\u0629 (\u0641\u0644\u0633\u0637\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u062f\u0646\u060c \u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0646).<\/p>\n<p>5- \u00a0\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0628\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0630\u0627\u0621 (ANFS): (\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0637: arabnfs.net) \u2013 \u062a\u0642\u062f\u0645 \u0623\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0642 \u0645\u0648\u0642\u0641 \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0642\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0627\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a.<\/p>\n<p>6- \u00a0\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0645\u0648\u064a (\u0645\u0639\u0627\u064b): (\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0637: maan-ctr.org) \u2013 \u064a\u0648\u0641\u0631 \u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0639\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0621\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0647.<\/p>\n<p>7- \u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0629 \u0631\u0648\u0632\u0627 \u0644\u0648\u0643\u0633\u0645\u0628\u0648\u0631\u063a: \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0630\u0648\u0631 \u0643\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0645\u0646\u0629: \u062a\u0642\u0648\u064a\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0631\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0631\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<p>8- \u00a0\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a \u0644\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0637\u064a\u0637: \u062a\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0631 \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0646\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0631\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<p>9- \u0645\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u063a\u0630\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0632\u0631\u0627\u0639\u0629 (FAO) \u2013 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629: \u062a\u0648\u0641\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062d\u0635\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0646\u0647\u062c \u0641\u064a \u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0628\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<p>10- \u0645\u0624\u062a\u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0645\u064a\u0629 (UNCTAD): \u062a\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0631 &#8220;The Besieged Palestinian Agricultural Sector&#8221; \u0648\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644\u0627\u062a \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0632\u0631\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<p>11- \u00a0\u0628\u0631\u0646\u0627\u0645\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0645\u0627\u0626\u064a (UNDP): \u062a\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0631 &#8220;Resilience Series&#8221; \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0628\u0631\u0648\u062a\u0648\u0643\u0648\u0644 \u0628\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0633.<\/p>\n<p>12- \u00a0\u0645\u0639\u0647\u062f \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0633\u0637 (MERIP): \u062a\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0631 &#8220;Six Steps to Reform US Agricultural Policy in the Arab Region&#8221;.<\/p>\n<p>13-&#8220;Arab Watch Report: Right to Food&#8221; \u2013 \u062a\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0631 \u0634\u0628\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 (ANND)\u060c 2019\u060c \u0648\u064a\u062a\u0636\u0645\u0646 \u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0644\u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0642\u064a\u0627\u062a UPOV \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<h2><strong>\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627\u064b: \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631<\/strong> <strong>\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629<\/strong><\/h2>\n<p>1- \u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0630\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0631\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u2013 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0642 \u0648\u0633\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0627\u2013 \u0641\u0631\u062c\u060c \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f. \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0646\u062a\u060c 2018. \u2013 \u064a\u0648\u062b\u0642 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0647\u062f\u0627\u0641 \u0628\u0646\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0630\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0642\u064a \u0648\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0628\u0631\u064a\u0645\u0631 81 \u0648\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0646\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0630\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0644\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0633\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0627.<\/p>\n<p>2- \u0627\u062d\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u0642\u0646\u0639&#8230; \u0645\u0646 \u064a\u062a\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u063a\u0630\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u061f \u2013 \u062f\u0648\u064a\u062a\u0634\u0647 \u0641\u064a\u0644\u0647 (DW)\u060c 2021. \u2013 \u064a\u063a\u0637\u064a \u0627\u062d\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0630\u0648\u0631 \u0648\u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631 UPOV \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u0627\u0631\u0639\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0648\u0628.<\/p>\n<p>3- \u0628\u0646\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0630\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0631 \u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a \u0633\u064a\u062d\u0642\u0642 \u0639\u0627\u0626\u062f\u0627 \u0632\u0631\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0627 \u0644\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0646 100 \u0639\u0627\u0645 \u2013 \u0639\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0646\u062a\u060c 2025. \u2013 \u064a\u0648\u062b\u0642 \u062a\u0623\u0633\u064a\u0633 \u0628\u0646\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0630\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u062f\u0646 \u0643\u0631\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0631\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<p>4- \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0645\u0649 \u0644\u0644\u062c\u064a\u0646\u0627\u062a \u2013 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u062f\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u0648\u062f \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062b\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0631\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629&#8221; \u2013 AgriculturalEgypt.com\u060c 2023. \u2013 \u064a\u0648\u062b\u0642 \u062c\u0647\u0648\u062f \u0645\u0635\u0631 \u0644\u062d\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0635\u0648\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062b\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<p>5- \u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0630\u0648\u0631 \u0648\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0630\u0648\u0631&#8221; \u2013 \u062f\u0627\u063a\u0631\u060c \u0633\u0639\u062f. \u0622\u0641\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0645\u064a\u0629\u060c 2023. \u2013 \u064a\u0646\u0627\u0642\u0634 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0630\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u0641\u0642\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0643\u0631\u0645\u0632 \u0644\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0630\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<p>6- \u0639\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u064a\u062d\u0630\u0631\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0636\u064a\u0627\u0639 \u0628\u0646\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0630\u0648\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062c\u064a\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0631\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0646&#8221; \u2013 \u064a\u0648\u0646\u0633\u060c \u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f. \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0633\u0637\u060c 2024. \u2013 \u064a\u0648\u062b\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0627\u0637\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0647\u062f\u062f \u0628\u0646\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0630\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0646\u064a \u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628.<\/p>\n<p>7- \u062d\u0631\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0630\u0648\u0631.. \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0635\u0629 \u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629&#8221; \u2013 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0646\u062a\u060c 2021. \u2013 \u064a\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0631\u0636 \u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0630\u0648\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0644\u0627\u062d \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0631\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a.<\/p>\n<p>8- \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0631\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0646 \u2013 \u062a\u0642\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0631 \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0630\u0648\u0631 \u0648\u062c\u0647\u0648\u062f \u062d\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<p>9- \u00a0\u0645\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 Farm Action \u2013 \u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644\u0627\u062a \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0642 \u0648\u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u0627\u0631\u0639\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0647\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0646.<\/p>\n<p>10- \u00a0\u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639 Non-GMO \u2013 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0648\u062b\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u062e\u0635\u062e\u0635\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0630\u0648\u0631 \u0648\u062f\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0643\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<p>11- \u00a0\u0623\u0628\u062d\u0627\u062b \u0623\u0643\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629 (\u062c\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0641\u0631 \u0643\u0644\u0627\u0628 \u0648\u0622\u062e\u0631\u0648\u0646) \u2013 \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0642 \u0648\u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0639 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a.<\/p>\n<div id=\"gtx-anchor\" style=\"position: absolute; visibility: hidden; left: 714.062px; top: 587.625px; width: 47.6719px; height: 19px;\"><\/div>\n<div class=\"jfk-bubble gtx-bubble\" style=\"visibility: visible; left: 48px; top: 617px; opacity: 1;\" role=\"alertdialog\" aria-describedby=\"bubble-29\">\n<div id=\"bubble-29\" class=\"jfk-bubble-content-id\">\n<div id=\"gtx-host\" style=\"min-width: 200px; max-width: 400px;\"><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"jfk-bubble-closebtn-id jfk-bubble-closebtn\" tabindex=\"0\" role=\"button\" aria-label=\"Close\"><\/div>\n<div class=\"jfk-bubble-arrow-id jfk-bubble-arrow jfk-bubble-arrowup\" style=\"left: 728.062px;\">\n<div class=\"jfk-bubble-arrowimplbefore\"><\/div>\n<div class=\"jfk-bubble-arrowimplafter\"><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0630\u0648\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u062f\u0627\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0645\u0646\u0629 \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0648\u0646\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0636\u0639\u0641 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u0627\u0631\u0639\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0630\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u062a\u062f\u0639\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0628\u0646\u0648\u0643 \u0628\u0630\u0648\u0631 \u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0639\u0627\u062a \u062d\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0632\u0631\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0645\u062d\u0644\u064a\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0625\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a 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