{"id":22991,"date":"2026-02-21T10:06:40","date_gmt":"2026-02-21T06:36:40","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/ar.shahidkhames.com\/?p=22991"},"modified":"2026-02-21T10:06:59","modified_gmt":"2026-02-21T06:36:59","slug":"%d9%87%d9%84-%d8%b9%d8%b1%d9%81-%d9%88%d8%a7%d8%af%d9%8a-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b1%d8%a7%d9%81%d8%af%d9%8a%d9%86-%d8%ad%d9%82%d9%88%d9%82-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a5%d9%86%d8%b3%d8%a7%d9%86%d8%9f-%d9%82%d8%b1%d8%a7","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/ar.shahidkhames.com\/?p=22991","title":{"rendered":"\u0647\u0644 \u0639\u0631\u0641 \u0648\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0641\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u061f (\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0629 \u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0648\u0644 \u062a\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0639\u0627\u062a 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\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0629<sup>(<a href=\"#_ftn5\" name=\"_ftnref5\">[5]<\/a>)<\/sup>.<\/p>\n<p>\u0643\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0627\u0648\u0644\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0642\u0636\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0648\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u062e\u0635\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0628\u064a\u062f\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0636\u0627\u0621\u060c \u0648\u0634\u0624\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0627\u0636\u064a\u060c \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062d\u0627\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0636\u062d\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0645 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641 \u062c\u0648\u0627\u0646\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0625\u0637\u0627\u0631 \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064a \u0645\u0648\u062d\u062f<sup>(<a href=\"#_ftn6\" name=\"_ftnref6\">[6]<\/a>)<\/sup>.<\/p>\n<h4><strong>\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0639\u0627: \u0634\u0631\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0623\u0634\u0646\u0648\u0646\u0627 \u0648\u062a\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629.<\/strong><\/h4>\n<p>\u0641\u064a \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0642 \u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0639\u060c \u062c\u0627\u0621\u062a \u0634\u0631\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0623\u0634\u0646\u0648\u0646\u0627 \u0644\u062a\u0624\u0643\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0639\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0629\u060c \u0625\u0630 \u0631\u0643\u0632\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0639\u0627\u0631 \u0648\u0645\u0646\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0631 \u0648\u062a\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0644 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\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0627\u0644\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a<sup>(<\/sup><a href=\"#_ftn8\" name=\"_ftnref8\">[8]<\/a><sup>)<\/sup>.<\/p>\n<h4><strong>\u062e\u0627\u0645\u0633\u0627: \u0634\u0631\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0644\u0628\u062a \u0639\u0634\u062a\u0627\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0646\u062d\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a.<\/strong><\/h4>\n<p>\u062a\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0634\u0631\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0644\u0628\u062a \u0639\u0634\u062a\u0627\u0631 \u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631\u0627 \u0645\u0644\u062d\u0648\u0638\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0648\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0641\u062f\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0625\u0630 \u0646\u0635\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0628\u064a\u062f \u0648\u0645\u0646\u062d\u0647\u0645 \u062d\u0642 \u062a\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0631 \u0623\u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647\u0645\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u062d\u0642 \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0643\u0646 \u0634\u0627\u0626\u0639\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u0629. \u0648\u064a\u0643\u0634\u0641 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0635 \u0639\u0646 \u0646\u0632\u0639\u0629 \u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0648\u0636\u0648\u062d\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0629<sup>(<a href=\"#_ftn9\" name=\"_ftnref9\">[9]<\/a>)<\/sup>.<\/p>\n<p>\u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0643\u062f\u062a \u062e\u0627\u062a\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u063a\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0641 \u0648\u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u062e\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062f\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u062f\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0627\u0631\u0645 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a<sup>(<a href=\"#_ftn10\" name=\"_ftnref10\">[10]<\/a>)<\/sup>.<\/p>\n<h4><strong>\u0633\u0627\u062f\u0633\u0627: \u0634\u0631\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u062d\u0645\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0628\u064a \u0648\u062a\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642\u064a\u0629.<\/strong><\/h4>\n<p>\u0628\u0644\u063a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0648\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0641\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0630\u0631\u0648\u062a\u0647 \u0645\u0639 \u0634\u0631\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u062d\u0645\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0628\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0647\u062f\u0641\u062a \u0635\u0631\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 (\u0623\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0638\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0639\u064a\u0641). \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0646\u0638\u0645\u062a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0634\u0624\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u0648\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0636\u0627\u0621\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0633\u0647\u0645\u062a \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0631\u0633\u064a\u062e \u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0628<sup>(<\/sup><a href=\"#_ftn11\" name=\"_ftnref11\">[11]<\/a><sup>)<\/sup>.<\/p>\n<p>\u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0634\u0647\u062f \u0639\u0647\u062f \u062d\u0645\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0628\u064a \u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631\u0627 \u0645\u0644\u062d\u0648\u0638\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0636\u0627\u0626\u064a\u060c \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u062a\u0639\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0636\u0627\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0636\u064a\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0636\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u062e\u0637\u0648\u0629 \u0645\u0647\u0645\u0629 \u0646\u062d\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a<sup>(<a href=\"#_ftn12\" name=\"_ftnref12\">[12]<\/a>)<\/sup>.<\/p>\n<h4><strong>\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0639\u0627: \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0636\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062d\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0629.<\/strong><\/h4>\n<p>\u0644\u0645 \u062a\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0648\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0641\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0635\u0648\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0628\u0644 \u062a\u062c\u0633\u062f\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0634\u0645\u0644\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0643\u0645 <a href=\"https:\/\/ar.shahidkhames.com\/\">\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u062c\u0644\u0627\u062a<\/a> \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0648\u062b\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u0648\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0648\u0627\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0637\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0623\u0633\u0647\u0645 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0636\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0631\u0627\u062f<sup>(<a href=\"#_ftn13\" name=\"_ftnref13\">[13]<\/a>)<\/sup>.<\/p>\n<p>\u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u062a\u0627\u062d \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u062b\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0643\u0627\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0645 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0636\u0627\u0621\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u0639\u0632\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0641\u0631\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639 \u0648\u0623\u0633\u0647\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a<sup>(<a href=\"#_ftn14\" name=\"_ftnref14\">[14]<\/a>)<\/sup>.<\/p>\n<p>\u062a\u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629( \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b \u0647\u0646\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u062f\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0631 \u0633\u0627\u0645\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0631) \u0623\u0646 \u062d\u0636\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0641\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0642\u062f \u0639\u0631\u0641\u062a \u0623\u0634\u0643\u0627\u0644\u0627 \u0645\u0628\u0643\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u060c \u062a\u062c\u0644\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0641\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062d\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0639\u0641\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u062a\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0636\u0627\u0621\u060c \u0648\u0625\u0646 \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u0635\u063a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b. \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0623\u0633\u0647\u0645\u062a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0639\u0627\u062a <a href=\"https:\/\/ar.shahidkhames.com\/\">\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0627\u062a<\/a> \u0641\u064a \u0648\u0636\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u0644\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0641\u062a\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0644\u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0642\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0629 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0646\u0638\u0648\u0631 \u062d\u0636\u0627\u0631\u064a \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u064a\u060c \u064a\u0628\u0631\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0644\u0648\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0641\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0629<sup>(<a href=\"#_ftn15\" name=\"_ftnref15\">[15]<\/a>)<\/sup>.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref1\" name=\"_ftn1\">[1]<\/a> &#8211; Marc Van De Mieroop, King Hammurabi of Babylon (Oxford: Blackwell, 2005), 34\u201336<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref2\" name=\"_ftn2\">[2]<\/a> &#8211; Samuel Noah Kramer, History Begins at Sumer(Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1981), 72\u201375<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref3\" name=\"_ftn3\">[3]<\/a> &#8211; Kramer, History Begins at Sumer, 52\u201353<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref4\" name=\"_ftn4\">[4]<\/a> &#8211; \u062c\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u0648\u062a\u064a\u0631\u0648\u060c \u0628\u0644\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0641\u062f\u064a\u0646: \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0622\u0644\u0647\u0629\u060c \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u0639\u0641\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0632\u0627\u0632 (\u062f\u0645\u0634\u0642: \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631\u060c 1998)\u060c\u0635 188\u2013190.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref5\" name=\"_ftn5\">[5]<\/a> Kramer, History Begins at Sumer, 52\u201353 &#8211;<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref6\" name=\"_ftn6\">[6]<\/a> &#8211; \u062c\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u0648\u062a\u064a\u0631\u0648\u060c \u0628\u0644\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0641\u062f\u064a\u0646: \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0622\u0644\u0647\u0629\u060c \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u0639\u0641\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0632\u0627\u0632 (\u062f\u0645\u0634\u0642: \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631\u060c 1998)\u060c\u0635 188\u2013190.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref7\" name=\"_ftn7\">[7]<\/a>&#8211; Van De Mieroop, King Hammurabi, 21\u201322<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref8\" name=\"_ftn8\">[8]<\/a> &#8211; \u0637\u0647 \u0628\u0627\u0642\u0631\u060c \u0645\u0642\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0629(\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642)\u060c \u0635145\u2013147.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref9\" name=\"_ftn9\">[9]<\/a> &#8211; \u0628\u0648\u062a\u064a\u0631\u0648\u060c \u0628\u0644\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0641\u062f\u064a\u0646(\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642)\u060c\u0635 214\u2013216.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref10\" name=\"_ftn10\">[10]<\/a> &#8211;\u00a0 Kramer, History Begins at Sumer, 89\u201391<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref11\" name=\"_ftn11\">[11]<\/a> &#8211; Van De Mieroop, King Hammurabi, 44\u201345<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref12\" name=\"_ftn12\">[12]<\/a> &#8211; \u0628\u0648\u062a\u064a\u0631\u0648\u060c \u0628\u0644\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0641\u062f\u064a\u0646(\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642)\u060c\u0635 229\u2013231.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref13\" name=\"_ftn13\">[13]<\/a> &#8211; Van De Mieroop, King Hammurabi, 67\u201370<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref14\" name=\"_ftn14\">[14]<\/a> &#8211; \u0628\u0648\u062a\u064a\u0631\u0648\u060c \u0628\u0644\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0641\u062f\u064a\u0646(\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642)\u060c \u0635245\u2013247.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref15\" name=\"_ftn15\">[15]<\/a> &#8211; \u0633\u0627\u0645\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0631\u060c \u0646\u0634\u0623\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0633\u0641\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645(\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642)\u060c\u0635 41\u201343<\/p>\n<div id=\"gtx-anchor\" style=\"position: absolute; visibility: hidden; left: 946.051px; top: 1623.89px; width: 88.1591px; height: 20px;\"><\/div>\n<div class=\"jfk-bubble gtx-bubble\" style=\"visibility: visible; left: 324px; top: 1478px; opacity: 1;\" role=\"alertdialog\" aria-describedby=\"bubble-15\">\n<div id=\"bubble-15\" class=\"jfk-bubble-content-id\">\n<div id=\"gtx-host\" style=\"min-width: 200px; max-width: 400px;\"><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"jfk-bubble-closebtn-id jfk-bubble-closebtn\" tabindex=\"0\" role=\"button\" aria-label=\"Close\"><\/div>\n<div class=\"jfk-bubble-arrow-id jfk-bubble-arrow jfk-bubble-arrowdown\" style=\"left: 980.051px;\">\n<div class=\"jfk-bubble-arrowimplbefore\"><\/div>\n<div class=\"jfk-bubble-arrowimplafter\"><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u064a\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0630\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631\u0629 \u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0636\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0641\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0628\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0622\u0634\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0628\u0631\u0632\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0641\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062d\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0639\u0641\u0627\u0621\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0624\u0643\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0625\u0633\u0647\u0627\u0645\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0643\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0625\u0633\u0642\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627&#8230;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":66,"featured_media":22992,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[1,55],"tags":[2559,7927,60,12522,758,2884,12523,59,12521,12524,757],"class_list":{"0":"post-22991","1":"post","2":"type-post","3":"status-publish","4":"format-standard","5":"has-post-thumbnail","6":"hentry","7":"category-archive---","8":"category-cultural-social--","9":"tag-_","11":"tag-social-","13":"tag-758","14":"tag-2884","16":"tag-cultrual-","17":"tag-12521","19":"tag-757"},"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v25.0 (Yoast SEO v26.0) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>\u0647\u0644 \u0639\u0631\u0641 \u0648\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0641\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u061f 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